Assonans är en beteckning som inte har någon alldeles fast betydelse på svenska, eftersom det inte har använts i traditionell svensk metrik.
Termen används i bl.a. Schücks litteraturhistoria om den svenska medeltida balladens formkrav, och täcker då alla ofullständiga rim. Bläddra i t.ex. band 3 av Svenskt visarkiv utgåva av Sveriges medeltida ballader och du hittar knappt ett exempel där alla slutrim är helt perfekta.
Jag skulle uttrycka det så här: come rimmar inte med gun och done, men man har vissa möjigheter att komma undan med ett så slappt rim, om verstexten i övrigt är engagerande och metriskt tillräckligt regelbunden.
Jag skulle säga att möjligheten att komma undan är större i en metriskt ganska lössläppt dikt, där ett ofullständigt rim inte löper någon risk att sticka ut som ett ensamt regelbrott.
Med detta sagt är engelsk formbunden lyrik långt mera tillåtande i hänseende till det metriska schemat än t.ex. de romanska traditionerna. Det är som om perfekta rim och jämna versfötter vore anskrämliga i sin fyrkantighet för en engelsk versmakare. Se t.ex. dessa exempel på rimmad vers av främsta rangens poeter, där jag strukit under de rim som inte helt följer alla regler:
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn (1819)
Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness,
Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express
A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:
What leaf-fring'd legend haunts about thy shape
Of deities or mortals, or of both,
In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?
What men or gods are these? What maidens loth?
What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?
What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?
Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard
Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on;
Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear'd,
Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone:
Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave
Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;
Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss,
Though winning near the goal yet, do not grieve;
She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss,
For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair!
Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed
Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu;
And, happy melodist, unwearied,
For ever piping songs for ever new;
More happy love! more happy, happy love!
For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd,
For ever panting, and for ever young;
All breathing human passion far above,
That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd,
A burning forehead, and a parching tongue.
Who are these coming to the sacrifice?
To what green altar, O mysterious priest,
Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies,
And all her silken flanks with garlands drest?
What little town by river or sea shore,
Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel,
Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn?
And, little town, thy streets for evermore
Will silent be; and not a soul to tell
Why thou art desolate, can e'er return.
O Attic shape! Fair attitude! with brede
Of marble men and maidens overwrought,
With forest branches and the trodden weed;
Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of thought
As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral!
When old age shall this generation waste,
Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe
Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st,
"Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know."
Seamus Heaney, Glanmore Sonnets, I (1979)
Vowels ploughed into other: opened ground.
The mildest February for twenty years
Is mist bands over furrows, a deep no sound
Vulnerable to distant gargling tractors.
Our road is steaming, the turned-up acres breathe.
Now the good life could be to cross a field
And art a paradigm of earth new from the lathe
Of ploughs. My lea is deeply tilled.
Old ploughsocks gorge the subsoil of each sense
And I am quickened with a redolence
Of farmland as a dark unblown rose.
Wait then...Breasting the mist, in sowers’ aprons,
My ghosts come striding into their spring stations.
The dream grain whirls like freakish Easter snows.
Geoffrey Hill, Ovid in the Third Reich (1968)
I love my work and my children. God
Is distant, difficult. Things happen.
Too near the ancient troughs of blood
Innocence is no earthly weapon.
I have learned one thing: not to look down
So much upon the damned. They, in their sphere,
Harmonize strangely with the divine
Love. I, in mine, celebrate the love-choir.
Anne Carson, Sonnet Isolate (2010)
A sonnet is a rectangle upon the page.
Your eye enjoys it in a ratio of eight to five.
Let’s say you’re an urgent man in an urgent language
construing the millions of shadows that keep you alive.
If only it were water or innocent or a hawk from a handsaw,
if only you were Adonis or Marcel Duchamp
settling in to your half hour of sex or chess, not this raw
block cut out of the fog of meaning, still damp. But no,
you are alone. Whatever idea here rises from its knees
to turn and face you quicker than a kiss
or a hyphen or the very first moment you felt the breeze
of being a creature who will die—one day, not this—
will ask of you most of your cunning and a deep blue release like a sigh
while using only two pronouns, I and not-I.
John Ashbery, Farm Implements and Rutabagas in a Landscape (1966)
The first of the undecoded messages read: “Popeye sits in thunder,
Unthought of. From that shoebox of an apartment,
From livid curtain’s hue, a tangram emerges: a country.”
Meanwhile the Sea Hag was relaxing on a green couch: “How pleasant
To spend one’s vacation en la casa de Popeye,” she scratched
Her cleft chin’s solitary hair. She remembered spinach
And was going to ask Wimpy if he had bought any spinach.
“M’love,” he intercepted, “the plains are decked out in thunder
Today, and it shall be as you wish.” He scratched
The part of his head under his hat. The apartment
Seemed to grow smaller. “But what if no pleasant
Inspiration plunge us now to the stars? For this is my country.”
Suddenly they remembered how it was cheaper in the country.
Wimpy was thoughtfully cutting open a number 2 can of spinach
When the door opened and Swee’pea crept in. “How pleasant!”
But Swee’pea looked morose. A note was pinned to his bib. “Thunder
And tears are unavailing,” it read. “Henceforth shall Popeye’s apartment
Be but remembered space, toxic or salubrious, whole or scratched.”
...
William Butler Yeats, Byzantium (1933)
The unpurged images of day recede;
The Emperor's drunken soldiery are abed;
Night resonance recedes, night-walkers' song
After great cathedral gong;
A starlit or a moonlit dome disdains
All that man is,
All mere complexities,
The fury and the mire of human veins.
Before me floats an image, man or shade,
Shade more than man, more image than a shade;
For Hades' bobbin bound in mummy-cloth
May unwind the winding path;
A mouth that has no moisture and no breath
Breathless mouths may summon;
I hail the superhuman;
I call it death-in-life and life-in-death.
Miracle, bird or golden handiwork,
More miracle than bird or handiwork,
Planted on the starlit golden bough,
Can like the cocks of Hades crow,
Or, by the moon embittered, scorn aloud
In glory of changeless metal
Common bird or petal
And all complexities of mire or blood.
At midnight on the Emperor's pavement flit
Flames that no faggot feeds, nor steel has lit,
Nor storm disturbs, flames begotten of flame,
Where blood-begotten spirits come
And all complexities of fury leave,
Dying into a dance,
An agony of trance,
An agony of flame that cannot singe a sleeve.
Astraddle on the dolphin's mire and blood,
Spirit after spirit! The smithies break the flood,
The golden smithies of the Emperor!
Marbles of the dancing floor
Break bitter furies of complexity,
Those images that yet
Fresh images beget,
That dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea.
E. E. Cummings, In Time of Daffodils (1958)
in time of daffodils(who know
the goal of living is to grow)
forgetting why,remember how
in time of lilacs who proclaim
the aim of waking is to dream,
remember so(forgetting seem)
in time of roses(who amaze
our now and here with paradise)
forgetting if,remember yes
in time of all sweet things beyond
whatever mind may comprehend,
remember seek(forgetting find)
and in a mystery to be
(when time from time shall set us free)
forgetting me,remember me
Jag skulle säga att möjligheten att komma undan är större i en metriskt ganska lössläppt dikt, där ett ofullständigt rim inte löper någon risk att sticka ut som ett ensamt regelbrott.
Det kan du ha rätt i. Vad jag egentligen mest var ute efter är att man har lättare att komma undan med slöa rim om något annat drar till sig uppmärksamheten.
Citat:
Med detta sagt är engelsk formbunden lyrik långt mera tillåtande i hänseende till det metriska schemat än t.ex. de romanska traditionerna. Det är som om perfekta rim och jämna versfötter vore anskrämliga i sin fyrkantighet för en engelsk versmakare.
Det kan ju i vart fall delvis bero på det engelska språkets fonetiska egenheter. Få andra språk har en så rik uppsättning av "nästanrim" av typen pilot-violet. Och den kraftiga skillnaden mellan en betonad och en obetonad stavelse i alla germanska språk gör ju att alltför jämna versfötter kan ge ett alltför taktfast resultat, med en rytm som mer påminner om ett ångloks regelbundna dunkande än om något mänskligt yttrande.
På romanska språk är ju skillnaden - oavsett om vi pratar om ljudstyrka eller längd - mellan en betonad och en obetonad stavelse så liten, att i vart fall den franska, och, tror jag, hela den romanska, metriken helt har gjort sig av med versfötter, och bara räknar stavelser.
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